Hull Zero Three is a science fiction novel by Greg Bear. A naked man wakes up That is apparently being attacked by aliens. While trying to recover his memories he teams up with other "humans" though some are more alien than you'd think.

They're on a three-hulled ship (with a small water asteroid in front) that's been traveling for 500 years. There is lots of damage throughout. For some reason besides the cleaning and repair biologicals that ship has created it's also been creating killers to wipe everything out. Why this is happening and how to fix it are important though secondary problems to the man and his new friends as the most important thing is staying alive...

Everything is from the man's perspective so many things are described rather than named -- though he also keeps remembering terms for various things and odd cultural and historical items. Although his companions might seem menacing at times this is mostly a group vs environment story.

This is the kind of SF I like with a mystery to drive you forward and little bits being constantly revealed.